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Tutorial Make “Pre” Text Wrap

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Text in <pre> tags doesn't wrap by default. For example, see the code snippet below! If this is causing layout problems, one solution is to give the pre block an overflow property to hide the excess or cause it to scroll. The other solution is to have it wrap.

/* Browser specific (not valid) styles to make preformatted text wrap */		

pre {
 white-space: pre-wrap;       /* css-3 */
 white-space: -moz-pre-wrap;  /* Mozilla, since 1999 */
 white-space: -pre-wrap;      /* Opera 4-6 */
 white-space: -o-pre-wrap;    /* Opera 7 */
 word-wrap: break-word;       /* Internet Explorer 5.5+ */
}

Tutorial Link Pseudo-Classes (In Order)

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a:link {color: blue;}
a:visited {color: purple;}
a:hover {color: red;}
a:active {color: yellow;}

Link, Visited, Hover, Active
L, V, H, A
LoVe, HAte

Tutorial Layered Paper

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<div class="layered-paper">
    Howdy
</div>
.layered-paper {
    background: #eee;
    box-shadow:
        0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.15), /* The top layer shadow */
        0 10px 0 -5px #eee, /* The second layer */
        0 10px 1px -4px rgba(0,0,0,0.15), /* The second layer shadow */
        0 20px 0 -10px #eee, /* The third layer */
        0 20px 1px -9px rgba(0,0,0,0.15); /* The third layer shadow */
}

View Demo

Reference URL

Tutorial Keyframe Animation Syntax

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Basic Declaration & Usage

@-webkit-keyframes NAME-YOUR-ANIMATION {
  0%   { opacity: 0; }
  100% { opacity: 1; }
}
@-moz-keyframes NAME-YOUR-ANIMATION {
  0%   { opacity: 0; }
  100% { opacity: 1; }
}
@-o-keyframes NAME-YOUR-ANIMATION {
  0%   { opacity: 0; }
  100% { opacity: 1; }
}
@keyframes NAME-YOUR-ANIMATION {
  0%   { opacity: 0; }
  100% { opacity: 1; }
}
#box {
  -webkit-animation: NAME-YOUR-ANIMATION 5s infinite; /* Safari 4+ */
  -moz-animation:    NAME-YOUR-ANIMATION 5s infinite; /* Fx 5+ */
  -o-animation:      NAME-YOUR-ANIMATION 5s infinite; /* Opera 12+ */
  animation:         NAME-YOUR-ANIMATION 5s infinite; /* IE 10+ */
}

For the sake of brevity the rest of the code on this page will not use any prefixes, but real world usage should use all the vendor prefixes from above

Multiple steps

@keyframes fontbulger {
  0% {
    font-size: 10px;
  }
  30% {
    font-size: 15px;
  }
  100% {
    font-size: 12px;
  }
}

#box {
   -animation: fontbulger 2s infinite;
}

If an animation has the same starting and ending properties, one way to do that is to comma-separate the 0% and 100% values:

@keyframes fontbulger {
  0%, 100% {
    font-size: 10px;
  }
  50% {
    font-size: 12px;
  }
}

Or, you could always tell the animation to run twice (or any even number of times) and tell the direction to alternate.

Calling keyframe animation with separate properties

.box {
 animation-name: bounce;
 animation-duration: 4s;
 animation-iteration-count: 10;
 animation-direction: alternate;
 animation-timing-function: ease-out;
 animation-fill-mode: forwards;
 animation-delay: 2s;
}
timing-function ease, ease-out, ease-in, ease-in-out, linear, cubic-bezier(x1, y1, x2, y2) (e.g. cubic-bezier(0.5, 0.2, 0.3, 1.0))
duration & delay Xs or Xms
duration-count X
fill-mode forwards, backwards, both, none
animation-direction normal, alternate

Animation Shorthand

Just space-separate all the individual values. The order doesn't matter except when using both duration and delay, they need to be in that order. In the example below 1s = duration, 2s = delay, 3 = iterations.

-webkit-animation: test 1s 2s 3 alternate backwards

Combine transform and animation

@keyframes infinite-spinning {
  from {
    transform: rotate(0deg);
  }
  to {
    transform: rotate(360deg);
  }
}

Multiple animations

You can comma-separate the values to declare multiple animations on a selector.

.animate-this {
   animation: 
      first-animation 2s infinite, 
      another-animation 1s;
}

Steps()

The steps() function controls exactly how many keyframes will render in the animation timeframe. Let's say you declare:

@keyframes move {
  from { top: 0; left: 0; }
  to   { top: 100px; left: 100px; }
}

If you use steps(10) in your animation, it will make sure only 10 keyframes happen in the allotted time.

.move {
  animation: move 10s steps(10) infinite alternate;
}

The math works out nicely there. Every one second, the element will move 10px to the left and 10px down, until the end of the animation, and then again in reverse forever.

This can be great for spritesheet animation like this demo by simurai.

Browser Support

Firefox 5+, IE 10+, Chrome, Safari 4+, Opera 12+

More Resources

MDN Docs MDN: Using CSS Animation Can I Use - Browser Support VIDEO: Intro to CSS Animations

How to add iPad-Specific CSS

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@media only screen and (device-width: 768px) {
  /* For general iPad layouts */
}

@media only screen and (min-device-width: 481px) and (max-device-width: 1024px) and (orientation:portrait) {
  /* For portrait layouts only */
}

@media only screen and (min-device-width: 481px) and (max-device-width: 1024px) and (orientation:landscape) {
  /* For landscape layouts only */
}

Tutorial iPad Orientation CSS

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<link rel="stylesheet" media="all and (orientation:portrait)" href="portrait.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all and (orientation:landscape)" href="landscape.css">

Reference URL

Tutorial Internationalization Language CSS

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/*Language-specific*/
:lang(af){quotes:'\201E' '\201D' '\201A' '\2019';}
:lang(ak){font-family:Lucida,"DejaVu Sans",inherit;}
:lang(ar){font-family:Tahoma 12,Nazli,KacstOne,"DejaVu Sans",inherit;}
:lang(bg){quotes:'\201E' '\201C' '\201A' '\2018';}
:lang(bn){font-family:FreeSans,MuktiNarrow,Vrinda,inherit;font-size:1.1em;line-height:1.4em;}
:lang(cs){quotes:'\201E' '\201C' '\201A' '\2018';}
:lang(da){quotes:'\00BB' '\00AB' '\203A' '\2039';}
:lang(de){quotes:'\201E' '\201C' '\201A' '\2018';}
:lang(el){font-family:"DejaVu Sans",inherit;quotes:'\00AB' '\00BB' '\2039' '\203A';}
:lang(en-GB){quotes:'\2018' '\2019' '\201C' '\201D';}
:lang(es){quotes:'\00AB' '\00BB' '\2039' '\203A';}
:lang(fa){font-family:Terafik,Traffic,Roya,Nazli,Nazanin,sans;font-size:1.5em;}
:lang(fi){quotes:'\201D' '\201D' '\2019' '\2019';}
:lang(fr){quotes:'\ab\2005' '\2005\bb' '\2039\2005' '\2005\203a';}
:lang(hr){quotes:'\00BB' '\00AB' '\203A' '\2039';}
:lang(is){quotes:'\201E' '\201C' '\201A' '\2018';}
:lang(ja){font-size:1.1em;}
:lang(km){font-family:"Khmer OS System","Khmer OS","Khmer Kampongtrach","CDT Khmer",inherit;line-height:2em;}
:lang(ko){font-size:1.1em;}
:lang(lt){quotes:'\201E' '\201C' '\201A' '\2018';}
:lang(nl){quotes:'\201E' '\201D' '\201A' '\2019';}
:lang(pl){quotes:'\201E' '\201D' '\201A' '\2019';}
:lang(ro){quotes:'\201E' '\201C' '\201A' '\2018';}
:lang(sk){quotes:'\201E' '\201C' '\201A' '\2018';}
:lang(sq){quotes:'\00AB' '\00BB' '\2039' '\203A';}
:lang(sr){quotes:'\201E' '\201C' '\201A' '\2018';}
:lang(sv){quotes:'\201D' '\201D' '\2019' '\2019';}
:lang(tr){quotes:'\00AB' '\00BB' '\2039' '\203A';}
:lang(vi){font-family:"Lucida Grande","Vu Phu Tho","DejaVu Sans",inherit;}
       :lang(vi) a:hover,:lang(vi) a:active{text-decoration:none;color:#606047;}
:lang(zh){font-size:1.5em;}

Tutorial Hexagon With Shadow

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<div class="hexagon"><span></span></div>
.hexagon {
    width: 100px;
    height: 55px;
    position: relative;
}
.hexagon, .hexagon:before, .hexagon:after {
    background: red;
    -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.8);   
    -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.8);   
    box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.8);   
}
.hexagon:before, .hexagon:after {
    content: "";
    position: absolute;
    left: 22px;
    width: 57px;
    height: 57px;
    -moz-transform: rotate(145deg) skew(22.5deg);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(145deg) skew(22.5deg);
    transform: rotate(145deg) skew(22.5deg);
}
.hexagon:before {
    top: -29px;
}
.hexagon:after {
    top: 27px;
}
.hexagon span {
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    width: 100px;
    height: 55px;
    background:red;
    z-index: 1;
}

Reference URL

Tutorial Gradient Underlines

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a {
   position: relative;
   padding-bottom: 6px;
   }

a:hover::after {
   content: "";
   position: absolute;
   bottom: 2px;
   left: 0;
   height: 1px;
   width: 100%;
   background: #444;
   background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(0%,transparent), color-stop(50%,#444), color-stop(100%,transparent));
   background: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, transparent 0%,#444 50%,transparent 100%);
   background: -moz-linear-gradient(left, transparent 0%, #444 50%, #transparent 100%);
   background: -ms-linear-gradient(left, transparent 0%,#444 50%,#transparent 100%);
   background: -o-linear-gradient(left, transparent 0%,#444 50%,transparent 100%);
   background: linear-gradient(left, transparent 0%,#444 50%,transparent 100%);
   }

Reference URL

Tutorial Gradient Text

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This is WebKit only, but is the cleanest way to accomplish it as the text remains editable and selectable web text.

h1 {
  font-size: 72px;
  background: -webkit-linear-gradient(#eee, #333);
  -webkit-background-clip: text;
  -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
}

Example

Tutorial Glowing Blue Input Highlights

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Like mid-2012 Twitter.

input[type=text], textarea {
  -webkit-transition: all 0.30s ease-in-out;
  -moz-transition: all 0.30s ease-in-out;
  -ms-transition: all 0.30s ease-in-out;
  -o-transition: all 0.30s ease-in-out;
  outline: none;
  padding: 3px 0px 3px 3px;
  margin: 5px 1px 3px 0px;
  border: 1px solid #DDDDDD;
}
 
input[type=text]:focus, textarea:focus {
  box-shadow: 0 0 5px rgba(81, 203, 238, 1);
  padding: 3px 0px 3px 3px;
  margin: 5px 1px 3px 0px;
  border: 1px solid rgba(81, 203, 238, 1);
}

See the Pen Glowing Blue Inputs by Chris Coyier (@chriscoyier) on CodePen

Reference URL

Tutorial Give Clickable Elements a Pointer Cursor

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a[href], input[type='submit'], input[type='image'], label[for], select, button, .pointer {
       cursor: pointer;
}

Some elements that are clickable mysteriously don't trigger a pointer cursor in browsers. This fixes that, and provides a default class "pointer" for applying it to other clickable things as needed.

Tutorial Forcing Grayscale Printing

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At the time of this writing, this will only work in Chrome 18+, but it's standardized so support will eventually come to everywhere.

@media print {
  body {
    /* IE4-8 and 9 (deprecated). */
    filter: Gray();
    /* SVG version for IE10, Chrome 17, FF3.5, 
       Safari 5.2 and Opera 11.6 */
    filter: url('#grayscale'); 
    /* CSS3 filter, at the moment Webkit only. Prefix it for
       future implementations */
    -webkit-filter: grayscale(100%); 
    filter: grayscale(100%); /* future-proof */
  }
}

Reference URL

Tutorial Force Vertical Scrollbar

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html {
       overflow-y: scroll;
}

This is invalid CSS, but it works in everything except Opera. The reason for this is to prevent "centering jumps" when navigating back and forth between pages with enough content to have a vertical scroll bar and pages that do not.

Tutorial Force File Upload Input Button To Right Side In WebKit

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Firefox and IE have the "choose file" button to the right of the filepath, while Webkit puts it on the left. This makes WebKit put it on the right as well.

<input type="file">
input[type="file"]{
   -webkit-appearance: none;
   text-align: left;
   -webkit-rtl-ordering:  left;
}
input[type="file"]::-webkit-file-upload-button{
   -webkit-appearance: none;
   float: right;
   margin: 0 0 0 10px;
   border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;
   border-radius: 4px;
   background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left bottom, left top, from(#d2d0d0), to(#f0f0f0));
   background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(90deg, #d2d0d0 0%, #f0f0f0 100%);
}

Reference URL

Tutorial Force Element To Self-Clear its Children

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A.K.A The "Clearfix" hack.

.clearfix:after {
     visibility: hidden;
     display: block;
     font-size: 0;
     content: " ";
     clear: both;
     height: 0;
     }
.clearfix { display: inline-block; }
/* start commented backslash hack \*/
* html .clearfix { height: 1%; }
.clearfix { display: block; }
/* close commented backslash hack */

Just apply a class="clearfix" to the parent element. This is an improved version of the original, and documented here.

Updated by Jeff Starr to be cleaner, based on the fact that nobody uses IE for Mac, which is what the backslash hack was all about.

.clearfix:after {
	visibility: hidden;
	display: block;
	font-size: 0;
	content: " ";
	clear: both;
	height: 0;
	}
* html .clearfix             { zoom: 1; } /* IE6 */
*:first-child+html .clearfix { zoom: 1; } /* IE7 */

Updated again... "group" class name is nicer and more semantic (via Dan Cederholm). Content property doesn't even need the space, can be empty string (via Nicolas Gallagher). Without any text, font-size is un-needed (Chris Coyier).

.group:after {
	visibility: hidden;
	display: block;
	content: "";
	clear: both;
	height: 0;
	}
* html .group             { zoom: 1; } /* IE6 */
*:first-child+html .group { zoom: 1; } /* IE7 */

Of course if you drop IE 6 or 7 support, remove the associated lines.

Update May 18, 2011: Nicolas Gallagher again with the "micro" clearfix. Also see this additional stuff.
.group:before,
.group:after {
    content: "";
    display: table;
} 
.group:after {
    clear: both;
}
.group {
    zoom: 1; /* For IE 6/7 (trigger hasLayout) */
}

Update August 2012: I'd say for the most part these days (if you only need IE 8 and up) this is fine:

.group:after {
  content: "";
  display: table;
  clear: both;
}

Tutorial Font Stacks

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/* Times New Roman-based stack */
font-family: Cambria, "Hoefler Text", Utopia, "Liberation Serif", "Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular", Times, "Times New Roman", serif;

/* Modern Georgia-based serif stack */
font-family: Constantia, "Lucida Bright", Lucidabright, "Lucida Serif", Lucida, "DejaVu Serif", "Bitstream Vera Serif", "Liberation Serif", Georgia, serif;

/* Traditional Garamond-based serif stack */
font-family: "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Palladio, "URW Palladio L", "Book Antiqua", Baskerville, "Bookman Old Style", "Bitstream Charter", "Nimbus Roman No9 L", Garamond, "Apple Garamond", "ITC Garamond Narrow", "New Century Schoolbook", "Century Schoolbook", "Century Schoolbook L", Georgia, serif;

/* Helvetica/Arial-based sans serif stack */
font-family: Frutiger, "Frutiger Linotype", Univers, Calibri, "Gill Sans", "Gill Sans MT", "Myriad Pro", Myriad, "DejaVu Sans Condensed", "Liberation Sans", "Nimbus Sans L", Tahoma, Geneva, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;

/* Verdana-based sans serif stack */
font-family: Corbel, "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Sans", "DejaVu Sans", "Bitstream Vera Sans", "Liberation Sans", Verdana, "Verdana Ref", sans-serif;

/* Trebuchet-based sans serif stack */
font-family: "Segoe UI", Candara, "Bitstream Vera Sans", "DejaVu Sans", "Bitstream Vera Sans", "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, "Verdana Ref", sans-serif;

/* Impact-based sans serif stack */
font-family: Impact, Haettenschweiler, "Franklin Gothic Bold", Charcoal, "Helvetica Inserat", "Bitstream Vera Sans Bold", "Arial Black", sans-serif;

/* Monospace stack */
font-family: Consolas, "Andale Mono WT", "Andale Mono", "Lucida Console", "Lucida Sans Typewriter", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Liberation Mono", "Nimbus Mono L", Monaco, "Courier New", Courier, monospace;

Reference URL

Tutorial Font Shorthand

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Syntax

body {
   font: font-style font-variant font-weight font-size/line-height font-family;
}

In Use

body {
   font: italic small-caps normal 13px/150% Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
}

Reference URL

Tutorial Flip an Image

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You can flip images with CSS! Possible scenario: having only one graphic for an "arrow", but flipping it around to point in different directions.

img {
        -moz-transform: scaleX(-1);
        -o-transform: scaleX(-1);
        -webkit-transform: scaleX(-1);
        transform: scaleX(-1);
        filter: FlipH;
        -ms-filter: "FlipH";
}

Demo

Unflipped

Flipped

Tutorial Fixed Positioning in IE 6

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* { margin:0; padding:0; }
html, body {
   height: 100%;
}
body #fixedElement {
   position:fixed !important;
   position: absolute; /*ie6 and above*/
   top: 0;
   right: 0;
}
#page-wrap {
    width: 600px;
    margin: 0 auto; 
    font: 16px/2 Georgia, Serif;
}

The 100% height on the body and html stuff is in case you want to do fixed positioning along the bottom edge of the browser window.

Reference URL