Archive for 02/28/14

Tutorial Centering a Website

<body>
  <div id="page-wrap">
    <!-- all websites HTML here -->
  </div>
</body>

#page-wrap {
     width: 800px;
     margin: 0 auto;
}

Tutorial Center DIV with Dynamic Height

by Unknown in css , Tutorial 0

CSS:

* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }
#page{display:table;overflow:hidden;margin:0px auto;}
*:first-child+html #page {position:relative;}/*ie7*/
* html #page{position:relative;}/*ie6*/

#content_container{display:table-cell;vertical-align: middle;}
*:first-child+html #content_container{position:absolute;top:50%;}/*ie7*/
* html #content_container{position:absolute;top:50%;}/*ie6*/

*:first-child+html #content{position:relative;top:-50%;}/*ie7*/
* html #content{position:relative;top:-50%;}/*ie6*/

html,body{height:100%;}
#page{height:100%;width:465px;}

HTML:

<div id="page">
       <div id="content_container">
               <div id="content">
                     <p>your content</p>
               </div>
       </div>
</div>

Reference URL

Tutorial Browser Specific Hacks

by Unknown in css , Tutorial 0

/***** Selector Hacks ******/

/* IE6 and below */
* html #uno  { color: red }
 
/* IE7 */
*:first-child+html #dos { color: red } 
 
/* IE7, FF, Saf, Opera  */
html>body #tres { color: red }
 
/* IE8, FF, Saf, Opera (Everything but IE 6,7) */
html>/**/body #cuatro { color: red }
 
/* Opera 9.27 and below, safari 2 */
html:first-child #cinco { color: red }
 
/* Safari 2-3 */
html[xmlns*=""] body:last-child #seis { color: red }
 
/* safari 3+, chrome 1+, opera9+, ff 3.5+ */
body:nth-of-type(1) #siete { color: red }
 
/* safari 3+, chrome 1+, opera9+, ff 3.5+ */
body:first-of-type #ocho {  color: red }
 
/* saf3+, chrome1+ */
@media screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:0) {
 #diez  { color: red  }
}
 
/* iPhone / mobile webkit */
@media screen and (max-device-width: 480px) {
 #veintiseis { color: red  }
}
 
/* Safari 2 - 3.1 */
html[xmlns*=""]:root #trece  { color: red  }
 
/* Safari 2 - 3.1, Opera 9.25 */
*|html[xmlns*=""] #catorce { color: red  }
 
/* Everything but IE6-8 */
:root *> #quince { color: red  }
 
/* IE7 */
*+html #dieciocho {  color: red }
 
/* Firefox only. 1+ */
#veinticuatro,  x:-moz-any-link  { color: red }
 
/* Firefox 3.0+ */
#veinticinco,  x:-moz-any-link, x:default  { color: red  }
 
 
 
/***** Attribute Hacks ******/
 
/* IE6 */
#once { _color: blue }
 
/* IE6, IE7 */
#doce { *color: blue; /* or #color: blue */ }
 
/* Everything but IE6 */
#diecisiete { color/**/: blue }
 
/* IE6, IE7, IE8 */
#diecinueve { color: blue\9; }
 
/* IE7, IE8 */
#veinte { color/*\**/: blue\9; }
 
/* IE6, IE7 -- acts as an !important */
#veintesiete { color: blue !ie; } /* string after ! can be anything */

Check out BrowserHacks.com for more.

Tutorial Bouncy Animated Loading Animation

by Unknown in css , Tutorial 0

Just some funzies with CSS3 animations. If you are worried about super deep browser support, use a GIF.

<div class="loader">
    <span></span>
    <span></span>
    <span></span>
</div>

.loader {
    text-align: center;    
}
.loader span {
    display: inline-block;
    vertical-align: middle;
    width: 10px;
    height: 10px;
    margin: 50px auto;
    background: black;
    border-radius: 50px;
    -webkit-animation: loader 0.9s infinite alternate;
    -moz-animation: loader 0.9s infinite alternate;
}
.loader span:nth-of-type(2) {
    -webkit-animation-delay: 0.3s;
    -moz-animation-delay: 0.3s;
}
.loader span:nth-of-type(3) {
    -webkit-animation-delay: 0.6s;
    -moz-animation-delay: 0.6s;
}
@-webkit-keyframes loader {
  0% {
    width: 10px;
    height: 10px;
    opacity: 0.9;
    -webkit-transform: translateY(0);
  }
  100% {
    width: 24px;
    height: 24px;
    opacity: 0.1;
    -webkit-transform: translateY(-21px);
  }
}
@-moz-keyframes loader {
  0% {
    width: 10px;
    height: 10px;
    opacity: 0.9;
    -moz-transform: translateY(0);
  }
  100% {
    width: 24px;
    height: 24px;
    opacity: 0.1;
    -moz-transform: translateY(-21px);
  }
}

Reference URL

Tutorial Blurry Text

by Unknown in css , Tutorial 0

Make the text color transparent but add a shadow:

.blur {
   color: transparent;
   text-shadow: 0 0 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);
}

Blurry

More browsers support color than text-shadow though, so you might want to do feature detection. Or, leave the color property and do enough shadowing that it appears blurry anyway (demo).

Tutorial Better Helvetica

by Unknown in css , Tutorial 0

body {
   font-family: "HelveticaNeue-Light", "Helvetica Neue Light", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif; 
   font-weight: 300;
}

Might as well use the nicest Helvetica you can...

Tutorial Basic Link Rollover as CSS Sprite

by Unknown in css , Tutorial 0

a {
       display: block;
       background: url(sprite.png) no-repeat;
       height: 30px;
       width: 250px;
}

a:hover {
       background-position: 0 -30px;
}

The set height and width ensure only a portion of the sprite.png graphic is shown. The rollover shifts the position of the background image, revealing a different area of the graphic.

Tutorial All Stylesheet Media Types

by Unknown in css , Tutorial 0

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="print.css" media="print">

all	Used for all media type devices
aural	Used for speech and sound synthesizers
braille	Used for braille tactile feedback devices
embossed	Used for paged braille printers
handheld	Used for small or handheld devices
print	Used for printers
projection	Used for projected presentations, like slides
screen	Used for computer screens
tty	Used for media using a fixed-pitch character grid, like teletypes and terminals
tv	Used for television-type devices

Tutorial Absolute Center (Vertical & Horizontal) an Image

by Unknown in css , Tutorial 0

CSS background-image Technique:

html { 
   width:100%; 
   height:100%; 
   background:url(logo.png) center center no-repeat;
}

CSS + Inline Image Technique:

img {
   position: absolute;
   top: 50%;
   left: 50%;
   width: 500px;
   height: 500px;
   margin-top: -250px; /* Half the height */
   margin-left: -250px; /* Half the width */
}

Table technique:

html, body, #wrapper {
   height:100%;
   width: 100%;
   margin: 0;
   padding: 0;
   border: 0;
}
#wrapper td {
   vertical-align: middle;
   text-align: center;
}

<html>
<body>
   <table id="wrapper">
      <tr>
         <td><img src="logo.png" alt="" /></td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</body>
</html>

Tutorial A Complete Guide to Flexbox

by Unknown in css , Tutorial 0

The Flexbox Layout (Flexible Box) module (currently a W3C Candidate Recommandation) aims at providing a more efficient way to lay out, align and distribute space among items in a container, even when their size is unknown and/or dynamic (thus the word "flex").

The main idea behind the flex layout is to give the container the ability to alter its items' width/height (and order) to best fill the available space (mostly to accomodate to all kind of display devices and screen sizes). A flex container expands items to fill available free space, or shrinks them to prevent overflow.

Most importantly, the flexbox layout is direction-agnostic as opposed to the regular layouts (block which is vertically-based and inline which is horizontally-based). While those work well for pages, they lack flexibility (no pun intended) to support large or complex applications (especially when it comes to orientation changing, resizing, stretching, shrinking, etc.).

Note: Flexbox layout is most appropriate to the components of an application, and small-scale layouts, while the Grid layout is intended for larger scale layouts.

Basics

Since flexbox is a whole module and not a single property, it involves a lot of things including its whole set of properties. Some of them are meant to be set on the container (parent element, known as "flex container") whereas the others are meant to be set on the children (said "flex items").

If regular layout is based on both block and inline flow directions, the flex layout is based on "flex-flow directions". Please have a look at this figure from the specification, explaining the main idea behind the flex layout.

Basically, items will be layed out following either the main axis (from main-start to main-end) or the cross axis (from cross-start to cross-end).

main axis - The main axis of a flex container is the primary axis along which flex items are laid out. Beware, it is not necessarily horizontal; it depends on the flex-direction property (see below). main-start | main-end - The flex items are placed within the container starting from main-start and going to main-end. main size - A flex item's width or height, whichever is in the main dimension, is the item's main size. The flex item's main size property is either the ‘width’ or ‘height’ property, whichever is in the main dimension. cross axis - The axis perpendicular to the main axis is called the cross axis. Its direction depends on the main axis direction. cross-start | cross-end - Flex lines are filled with items and placed into the container starting on the cross-start side of the flex container and going toward the cross-end side. cross size - The width or height of a flex item, whichever is in the cross dimension, is the item's cross size. The cross size property is whichever of ‘width’ or ‘height’ that is in the cross dimension.

Properties

display: flex | inline-flex; (Applies to: parent flex container element)

This defines a flex container; inline or block depending on the given value. Thus, it enables a flex context for all its direct children.

display: other values | flex | inline-flex;

Please note that:

CSS columns have no effect on a flex container float, clear and vertical-align have no effect on a flex item

flex-direction (Applies to: parent flex container element)

This establishes the main-axis, thus defining the direction flex items are placed in the flex container.

flex-direction: row | row-reverse | column | column-reverse

row (default): left to right in ltr; right to left in rtl row-reverse: right to left in ltr; left to right in rtl column: aligns the flex items top to bottom column-reverse: aligns the flex items bottom to top

flex-wrap (Applies to: parent flex container element)

This defines whether the flex container is single-line or multi-line, and the direction of the cross-axis, which determines the direction new lines are stacked in.

flex-wrap: nowrap | wrap | wrap-reverse

nowrap (default): single-line / left to right in ltr; right to left in rtl wrap: multi-line / left to right in ltr; right to left in rtl wrap-reverse: multi-line / right to left in ltr; left to right in rtl

flex-flow (Applies to: parent flex container element)

This is a shorthand `flex-direction` and `flex-wrap` properties, which together define the flex container's main and cross axes. Default is `row nowrap`;

flex-flow: <‘flex-direction’> || <‘flex-wrap’>

justify-content (Applies to: parent flex container element)

This defines the alignment along the main axis. It helps distribute extra free space leftover when either all the flex items on a line are inflexible, or are flexible but have reached their maximum size. It also exerts some control over the alignment of items when they overflow the line.

justify-content: flex-start | flex-end | center | space-between | space-around

flex-start (default): items are packed toward the start line flex-end: items are packed toward to end line center: items are centered along the line space-between: items are evenly distributed in the line; first item is on the start line, last item on the end line space-around: items are evenly distributed in the line with equal space around them

align-items (Applies to: parent flex container element)

This defines the default behaviour for how flex items are laid out along the cross axis on the current line. Think of it as the justify-content version for the cross-axis (perpendicular to the main-axis).

align-items: flex-start | flex-end | center | baseline | stretch

flex-start: cross-start margin edge of the items is placed on the cross-start line flex-end: cross-end margin edge of the items is placed on the cross-end line center: items are centered in the cross-axis baseline: items are aligned such as their baselines align stretch (default): stretch to fill the container (still respect min-width/max-width)

align-content (Applies to: parent flex container element)

This aligns a flex container's lines within when there is extra space in the cross-axis, similar to how justify-content aligns individual items within the main-axis.

Note: this property has no effect when the flexbox has only a single line.

align-content: flex-start | flex-end | center | space-between | space-around | stretch

flex-start: lines packed to the start of the container flex-end: lines packed to the end of the container center: lines packed to the center of the container space-between: lines evenly distributed; the first line is at the start of the container while the last one is at the end space-around: lines evenly distributed with equal space between them stretch (default): lines stretch to take up the remaining space

order (Applies to: child element / flex item)

By default, flex items are layed out in the source order. However, the order property controls the order in which they appear in their container.

order: <integer>

flex-grow (Applies to: child element / flex item)

This defines the ability for a flex item to grow if necessary. It accepts a unitless value that serves as a proportion. It dictates what amount of the available space inside the flex container the item should take up.

If all items have flex-grow set to 1, every child will set to an equal size inside the container. If you were to give one of the children a value of 2, that child would take up twice as much space as the others.

flex-grow: <number> (default 0)

Negative numbers are invalid.

flex-shrink (Applies to: child element / flex item)

This defines the ability for a flex item to shrink if necessary.

flex-shrink: <number> (default 1)

Negative numbers are invalid.

flex-basis (Applies to: child element / flex item)

This defines the default size of an element before the remaining space is distributed.

flex-basis: <length> | auto (default auto)

flex (Applies to: child element / flex item)

This is the shorthand for flex-grow, flex-shrink and flex-basis. The second and third parameters (flex-shrink, flex-basis) are optional. Default is 0 1 auto.

flex: none | [ <'flex-grow'> <'flex-shrink'>? || <'flex-basis'> ]

align-self (Applies to: child element / flex item)

This allows the default alignment or the one specified by align-items to be overridden for individual flex items.

Please see the align-items explanation to understand the available values.

align-self: auto | flex-start | flex-end | center | baseline | stretch

Examples

Let's start with a very very simple example, solving an almost daily problem: perfect centering. It couldn't be any simpler if you use flexbox.

.parent {
  display: flex;
  height: 300px; /* Or whatever */
}

.child {
  width: 100px;  /* Or whatever */
  height: 100px; /* Or whatever */
  margin: auto;  /* Magic! */
}

This relies on the fact a margin set to `auto` in a flex container absorb extra space. So setting a vertical margin of auto will make the item perfectly centered in both axis.

Now let's use some more properties. Consider a list of 6 items, all with a fixed dimensions in a matter of aesthetics but they could be auto-sized. We want them to be evenly and nicely distributed on the horizontal axis so that when we resize the browser, everything is fine (without media queries!).

.flex-container {
  /* We first create a flex layout context */
  display: flex;
  
  /* Then we define the flow direction and if we allow the items to wrap 
   * Remember this is the same as:
   * flex-direction: row;
   * flex-wrap: wrap;
   */
  flex-flow: row wrap;
  
  /* Then we define how is distributed the remaining space */
  justify-content: space-around;
}

Done. Everything else is just some styling concern. Below is a pen featuring this example. Be sure to go to CodePen and try resizing your windows to see what happen.

Check out this Pen!

Let's try something else. Imagine we have a right-aligned navigation on the very top of our website, but we want it to be centered on medium-sized screens and single-columned on small devices. Easy enough.

/* Large */
.navigation {
  display: flex;
  flex-flow: row wrap;
  /* This aligns items to the end line on main-axis */
  justify-content: flex-end;
}

/* Medium screens */
@media all and (max-width: 800px) {
  .navigation {
    /* When on medium sized screens, we center it by evenly distributing empty space around items */
    justify-content: space-around;
  }
}

/* Small screens */
@media all and (max-width: 500px) {
  .navigation {
    /* On small screens, we are no longer using row direction but column */
    flex-direction: column;
  }
}

Check out this Pen!

Let's try something even better by playing with flex items flexibility! What about a mobile-first 3-columns layout with full-width header and footer. And independent from source order.

.wrapper {
  display: flex;
  flex-flow: row wrap;
}

/* We tell all items to be 100% width */
.header, .main, .nav, .aside, .footer {
  flex: 1 100%;
}

/* We rely on source order for mobile-first approach
 * in this case:
 * 1. header
 * 2. nav
 * 3. main
 * 4. aside
 * 5. footer
 */

/* Medium screens */
@media all and (min-width: 600px) {
  /* We tell both sidebars to share a row */
  .aside { flex: 1 auto; }
}

/* Large screens */
@media all and (min-width: 800px) {
  /* We invert order of first sidebar and main
   * And tell the main element to take twice as much width as the other two sidebars 
   */
  .main { flex: 2 0px; }
  
  .aside-1 { order: 1; }
  .main    { order: 2; }
  .aside-2 { order: 3; }
  .footer  { order: 4; }
}

Check out this Pen!

Related Properties

Grid

Other Resources

Flexbox in the CSS specifications Flexbox at MDN Flexbox at Opera Diving into Flexbox by Bocoup Mixing syntaxes for best browser support on CSS-Tricks Flexbox by Raphael Goetter (FR) Flexplorer by Bennett Feely

Browser Support

(modern) means the recent syntax from the specification (e.g. display: flex;) (hybrid) means an odd unofficial syntax from 2011 (e.g. display: flexbox;) (old) means the old syntax from 2009 (e.g. display: box;) ChromeSafariFirefoxOperaIEAndroidiOS

21+ (modern)
20- (old)

3.1+ (old)

2-21 (old)
22+ (new)

12.1+ (modern)

10+ (hybrid)

2.1+ (old)

3.2+ (old)

Blackberry browser 10+ supports the new syntax.

For more informations about how to mix syntaxes in order to get the best browser support, please refer to this article (CSS-Tricks) or this article (DevOpera).

A Sass @mixin to help ease the pain:

@mixin flexbox() {
  display: -webkit-box;
  display: -moz-box;
  display: -ms-flexbox;
  display: -webkit-flex;
  display: flex;
}

@mixin flex($values) {
  -webkit-box-flex: $values;
  -moz-box-flex:  $values;
  -webkit-flex:  $values;
  -ms-flex:  $values;
  flex:  $values;
}

@mixin order($val) {
  -webkit-box-ordinal-group: $val;  
  -moz-box-ordinal-group: $val;     
  -ms-flex-order: $val;     
  -webkit-order: $val;  
  order: $val;
}

.wrapper {
  @include flexbox();
}

.item {
  @include flex(1 200px);
  @include order(2);
}

Tutorial “Stitched” Look

by Unknown in css , Tutorial 0

.stitched {
   padding: 20px;
   margin: 10px;
   background: #ff0030;
   color: #fff;
   font-size: 21px;
   font-weight: bold;
   line-height: 1.3em;
   border: 2px dashed #fff;
   border-radius: 10px;
   box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px #ff0030, 2px 1px 6px 4px rgba(10, 10, 0, 0.5);
   text-shadow: -1px -1px #aa3030;
   font-weight: normal;
}

Check out this Pen!

"	"	"	quotation mark	u+0022 ISOnum	p:before { content:"\0022"; }	alert("\42")
&	&	&	ampersand	u+0026 ISOnum	p:before { content:"\0026"; }	alert("\46")
<	<	<	less-than sign	u+003C ISOnum	p:before { content:"\003c"; }	alert("\74");
>	>	>	greater-than sign	u+003E ISOnum	p:before { content:"\003e"; }	alert("\76");

			no-break space	%A0	p:before { content:"\00a0"; }	alert("\240");
¡	¡	¡	inverted exclamation mark	%A1	p:before { content:"\00a1"; }	alert("\241");
¢	¢	¢	cent sign	%A2	p:before { content:"\00a2"; }	alert("\242");
£	£	£	pound sterling sign	%A3	p:before { content:"\00a3"; }	alert("\243");
¤	¤	¤	general currency sign	%A4	p:before { content:"\00a4"; }	alert("\244");
¥	¥	¥	yen sign	%A5	p:before { content:"\00a5"; }	alert("\245");
¦	¦	¦	broken (vertical) bar	%A6	p:before { content:"\00a6"; }	alert("\246");
§	§	§	section sign	%A7	p:before { content:"\00a7"; }	alert("\247");
¨	¨	¨	umlaut (dieresis)	%A8	p:before { content:"\00a8"; }	alert("\250");
©	©	©	copyright sign	%A9	p:before { content:"\00a9"; }	alert("\251");
ª	ª	ª	ordinal indicator, feminine	%AA	p:before { content:"\00aa"; }	alert("\252");
«	«	«	angle quotation mark, left	%AB	p:before { content:"\00ab"; }	alert("\253");
¬	¬	¬	not sign	%AC	p:before { content:"\00ac"; }	alert("\254");
			soft hyphen	%AD	p:before { content:"\00ad"; }	alert("\255");
®	®	®	registered sign	%AE	p:before { content:"\00ae"; }	alert("\256");
¯	¯	¯	macron	%AF	p:before { content:"\00af"; }	alert("\257");
°	°	°	degree sign	%B0	p:before { content:"\00b0"; }	alert("\260");
±	±	±	plus-or-minus sign	%B1	p:before { content:"\00b1"; }	alert("\261");
²	²	²	superscript two	%B2	p:before { content:"\00b2"; }	alert("\262");
³	³	³	superscript three	%B3	p:before { content:"\00b3"; }	alert("\263");
´	´	´	acute accent	%B4	p:before { content:"\00b4"; }	alert("\264");
µ	µ	µ	micro sign	%B5	p:before { content:"\00b5"; }	alert("\265");
¶	¶	¶	pilcrow (paragraph sign)	%B6	p:before { content:"\00b6"; }	alert("\266");
·	·	·	middle dot	%B7	p:before { content:"\00b7"; }	alert("\267");
¸	¸	¸	cedilla	%B8	p:before { content:"\00b8"; }	alert("\270");
¹	¹	¹	superscript one	%B9	p:before { content:"\00b9"; }	alert("\271");
º	º	º	ordinal indicator, masculine	%BA	p:before { content:"\00ba"; }	alert("\272");
»	»	»	angle quotation mark, right	%BB	p:before { content:"\00bb"; }	alert("\273");
¼	¼	¼	fraction one-quarter	%BC	p:before { content:"\00bc"; }	alert("\274");
½	½	½	fraction one-half	%BD	p:before { content:"\00bd"; }	alert("\275");
¾	¾	¾	fraction three-quarters	%BE	p:before { content:"\00be"; }	alert("\276");
¿	¿	¿	inverted question mark	%BF	p:before { content:"\00bf"; }	alert("\277");
À	À	À	capital A, grave accent	%C0	p:before { content:"\00c0"; }	alert("\300");
Á	Á	Á	capital A, acute accent	%C1	p:before { content:"\00c1"; }	alert("\301");
Â	Â	Â	capital A, circumflex accent	%C2	p:before { content:"\00c2"; }	alert("\302");
Ã	Ã	Ã	capital A, tilde	%C3	p:before { content:"\00c3"; }	alert("\303");
Ä	Ä	Ä	capital A, dieresis or umlaut mark	%C4	p:before { content:"\00c4"; }	alert("\304");
Å	Å	Å	capital A, ring	%C5	p:before { content:"\00c5"; }	alert("\305");
Æ	Æ	Æ	capital AE diphthong (ligature)	%C6	p:before { content:"\00c6"; }	alert("\306");
Ç	Ç	Ç	capital C, cedilla	%C7	p:before { content:"\00c7"; }	alert("\307");
È	È	È	capital E, grave accent	%C8	p:before { content:"\00c8"; }	alert("\310");
É	É	É	capital E, acute accent	%C9	p:before { content:"\00c9"; }	alert("\311");
Ê	Ê	Ê	capital E, circumflex accent	%CA	p:before { content:"\00ca"; }	alert("\312");
Ë	Ë	Ë	capital E, dieresis or umlaut mark	%CB	p:before { content:"\00cb"; }	alert("\313");
Ì	Ì	Ì	capital I, grave accent	%CC	p:before { content:"\00cc"; }	alert("\314");
Í	Í	Í	capital I, acute accent	%CD	p:before { content:"\00cd"; }	alert("\315");
Î	Î	Î	capital I, circumflex accent	%CE	p:before { content:"\00ce"; }	alert("\316");
Ï	Ï	Ï	capital I, dieresis or umlaut mark	%CF	p:before { content:"\00cf"; }	alert("\317");
Ð	Ð	Ð	capital Eth, Icelandic	%D0	p:before { content:"\00d0"; }	alert("\320");
Ñ	Ñ	Ñ	capital N, tilde	%D1	p:before { content:"\00d1"; }	alert("\321");
Ò	Ò	Ò	capital O, grave accent	%D2	p:before { content:"\00d2"; }	alert("\322");
Ó	Ó	Ó	capital O, acute accent	%D3	p:before { content:"\00d3"; }	alert("\323");
Ô	Ô	Ô	capital O, circumflex accent	%D4	p:before { content:"\00d4"; }	alert("\324");
Õ	Õ	Õ	capital O, tilde	%D5	p:before { content:"\00d5"; }	alert("\325");
Ö	Ö	Ö	capital O, dieresis or umlaut mark	%D6	p:before { content:"\00d6"; }	alert("\326");
×	×	×	multiply sign	%D7	p:before { content:"\00d7"; }	alert("\327");
Ø	Ø	Ø	capital O, slash	%D8	p:before { content:"\00d8"; }	alert("\330");
Ù	Ù	Ù	capital U, grave accent	%D9	p:before { content:"\00d9"; }	alert("\331");
Ú	Ú	Ú	capital U, acute accent	%DA	p:before { content:"\00da"; }	alert("\332");
Û	Û	Û	capital U, circumflex accent	%DB	p:before { content:"\00db"; }	alert("\333");
Ü	Ü	Ü	capital U, dieresis or umlaut mark	%DC	p:before { content:"\00dc"; }	alert("\334");
Ý	Ý	Ý	capital Y, acute accent	%DD	p:before { content:"\00dd"; }	alert("\335");
Þ	Þ	Þ	capital THORN, Icelandic	%DE	p:before { content:"\00de"; }	alert("\336");
ß	ß	ß	small sharp s, German (sz ligature)	%DF	p:before { content:"\00df"; }	alert("\337");
à	à	à	small a, grave accent	%E0	p:before { content:"\00e0"; }	alert("\340");
á	á	á	small a, acute accent	%E1	p:before { content:"\00e1"; }	alert("\341");
â	â	â	small a, circumflex accent	%E2	p:before { content:"\00e2"; }	alert("\342");
ã	ã	ã	small a, tilde	%E3	p:before { content:"\00e3"; }	alert("\343");
ä	ä	ä	small a, dieresis or umlaut mark	%E4	p:before { content:"\00e4"; }	alert("\344");
å	å	å	small a, ring	%E5	p:before { content:"\00e5"; }	alert("\345");
æ	æ	æ	small ae diphthong (ligature)	%E6	p:before { content:"\00e6"; }	alert("\346");
ç	ç	ç	small c, cedilla	%E7	p:before { content:"\00e7"; }	alert("\347");
è	è	è	small e, grave accent	%E8	p:before { content:"\00e8"; }	alert("\350");
é	é	é	small e, acute accent	%E9	p:before { content:"\00e9"; }	alert("\351");
ê	ê	ê	small e, circumflex accent	%EA	p:before { content:"\00ea"; }	alert("\352");
ë	ë	ë	small e, dieresis or umlaut mark	%EB	p:before { content:"\00eb"; }	alert("\353");
ì	ì	ì	small i, grave accent	%EC	p:before { content:"\00ec"; }	alert("\354");
í	í	í	small i, acute accent	%ED	p:before { content:"\00ed"; }	alert("\355");
î	î	î	small i, circumflex accent	%EE	p:before { content:"\00ee"; }	alert("\356");
ï	ï	ï	small i, dieresis or umlaut mark	%EF	p:before { content:"\00ef"; }	alert("\357");
ð	ð	ð	small eth, Icelandic	%F0	p:before { content:"\00f0"; }	alert("\360");
ñ	ñ	ñ	small n, tilde	%F1	p:before { content:"\00f1"; }	alert("\361");
ò	ò	ò	small o, grave accent	%F2	p:before { content:"\00f2"; }	alert("\362");
ó	ó	ó	small o, acute accent	%F3	p:before { content:"\00f3"; }	alert("\363");
ô	ô	ô	small o, circumflex accent	%F4	p:before { content:"\00f4"; }	alert("\364");
õ	õ	õ	small o, tilde	%F5	p:before { content:"\00f5"; }	alert("\365");
ö	ö	ö	small o, dieresis or umlaut mark	%F6	p:before { content:"\00f6"; }	alert("\366");
÷	÷	÷	divide sign	%F7	p:before { content:"\00f7"; }	alert("\367");
ø	ø	ø	small o, slash	%F8	p:before { content:"\00f8"; }	alert("\370");
ù	ù	ù	small u, grave accent	%F9	p:before { content:"\00f9"; }	alert("\371");
ú	ú	ú	small u, acute accent	%FA	p:before { content:"\00fa"; }	alert("\372");
û	û	û	small u, circumflex accent	%FB	p:before { content:"\00fb"; }	alert("\373");
ü	ü	ü	small u, dieresis or umlaut mark	%FC	p:before { content:"\00fc"; }	alert("\374");
ý	ý	ý	small y, acute accent	%FD	p:before { content:"\00fd"; }	alert("\375");
þ	þ	þ	small thorn, Icelandic	%FE	p:before { content:"\00fe"; }	alert("\376");
ÿ	ÿ	ÿ	small y, dieresis or umlaut mark	%FF	p:before { content:"\00ff"; }	alert("\377");

&OElig;	Œ	Œ	latin capital ligature oe	u+0152 ISOlat2	p:before { content:"\0152"; }	alert("\u0152");
&oelig;	œ	œ	latin small ligature oe (ligature is a misnomer, this is a separate character in some languages)	u+0153 ISOlat2	p:before { content:"\0153"; }	alert("\u0153");
&Scaron;	Š	Š	latin capital letter s with caron	u+0160 ISOlat2	p:before { content:"\0160"; }	alert("\u0160");
&scaron;	š	š	latin small letter s with caron	u+0161 ISOlat2	p:before { content:"\0161"; }	alert("\u0161");
&Yuml;	Ÿ	Ÿ	latin capital letter y with diaeresis	u+0178 ISOlat2	p:before { content:"\0178"; }	alert("\u0178");

&circ;	ˆ	modifier letter circumflex accent	u+02C6 ISOpub	p:before { content:"\02c6"; }	alert("\u02c6");
&tilde;	˜	small tilde	u+02DC ISOdia	p:before { content:"\02dc"; }	alert("\u02dc");

Α	Α	Α	greek capital letter alpha	u+0391	p:before { content:"\0391"; }	alert("\u0391");
Β	Β	Β	greek capital letter beta	u+0392	p:before { content:"\0392"; }	alert("\u0392");
Γ	Γ	Γ	greek capital letter gamma	u+0393 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\0393"; }	alert("\u0395");
Δ	Δ	Δ	greek capital letter delta	u+0394 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\0394"; }	alert("\u0394");
Ε	Ε	Ε	greek capital letter epsilon	u+0395	p:before { content:"\0395"; }	alert("\u0395");
Ζ	Ζ	Ζ	greek capital letter zeta	u+0396	p:before { content:"\0396"; }	alert("\u0396");
&Eta ;	Η	Η	greek capital letter eta	u+0397	p:before { content:"\0397"; }	alert("\u0397");
Θ	Θ	Θ	greek capital letter theta	u+0398 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\0398"; }	alert("\u0398");
Ι	Ι	Ι	greek capital letter iota	u+0399	p:before { content:"\0399"; }	alert("\u0399");
Κ	Κ	Κ	greek capital letter kappa	u+039A	p:before { content:"\039a"; }	alert("\u039a");
Λ	Λ	Λ	greek capital letter lambda	u+039B ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\039b"; }	alert("\u039b");
&Mu ;	Μ	Μ	greek capital letter mu	u+039C	p:before { content:"\039c"; }	alert("\u039c");
&Nu ;	Ν	Ν	greek capital letter nu	u+039D	p:before { content:"\039d"; }	alert("\u039D");
&Xi ;	Ξ	Ξ	greek capital letter xi	u+039E ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\039e"; }	alert("\u039e");
Ο	Ο	Ο	greek capital letter omicron	u+039F	p:before { content:"\039f"; }	alert("\u039f");
&Pi ;	Π	Π	greek capital letter pi	u+03A0 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03a0"; }	alert("\u03a0");
&Rho ;	Ρ	Ρ	greek capital letter rho	u+03A1	p:before { content:"\03a1"; }	alert("\u03a1");
there is no Sigmaf, and no u+03A2 character either)
Σ	Σ	Σ	greek capital letter sigma	u+03A3 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03a3"; }	alert("\u03A3");
&Tau ;	Τ	Τ	greek capital letter tau	u+03A4	p:before { content:"\03a4"; }	alert("\u03A4");
Υ	Υ	Υ	greek capital letter upsilon	u+03A5 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03a5"; }	alert("\u03A5");
&Phi ;	Φ	Φ	greek capital letter phi	u+03A6 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03a6"; }	alert("\u03A6");
&Chi ;	Χ	Χ	greek capital letter chi	u+03A7	p:before { content:"\03a7"; }	alert("\u03A7");
&Psi ;	Ψ	Ψ	greek capital letter psi	u+03A8 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03a8"; }	alert("\u03A8");
Ω	Ω	Ω	greek capital letter omega	u+03A9 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03a9"; }	alert("\u03A9");
α	α	α	greek small letter alpha	u+03B1 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03b1"; }	alert("\u03b1");
β	β	β	greek small letter beta	u+03B2 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03b2"; }	alert("\u03b2");
γ	γ	γ	greek small letter gamma	u+03B3 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03b3"; }	alert("\u03b3");
δ	δ	δ	greek small letter delta	u+03B4 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03b4"; }	alert("\u03b4");
ε	ε	ε	greek small letter epsilon	u+03B5 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03b5"; }	alert("\u03b5");
ζ	ζ	ζ	greek small letter zeta	u+03B6 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03b6"; }	alert("\u03b6");
&eta ;	η	η	greek small letter eta	u+03B7 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03b7"; }	alert("\u03b7");
θ	θ	θ	greek small letter theta	u+03B8 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03b8"; }	alert("\u03b8");
ι	ι	ι	greek small letter iota	u+03B9 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03b9"; }	alert("\u03b9");
κ	κ	κ	greek small letter kappa	u+03BA ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03ba"; }	alert("\u03ba");
λ	λ	λ	greek small letter lambda	u+03BB ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03bb"; }	alert("\u03bb");
&mu ;	μ	μ	greek small letter mu	u+03BC ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03bc"; }	alert("\u03bc");
&nu ;	ν	ν	greek small letter nu	u+03BD ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03bd"; }	alert("\u03bd");
&xi ;	ξ	ξ	greek small letter xi	u+03BE ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03be"; }	alert("\u03be");
ο	ο	ο	greek small letter omicron	u+03BF NEW	p:before { content:"\03bf"; }	alert("\u03bf");
&pi ;	π	π	greek small letter pi	u+03C0 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03c0"; }	alert("\u03c0");
&rho ;	ρ	ρ	greek small letter rho	u+03C1 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03c1"; }	alert("\u03c1");
&sigmaf;	ς	ς	greek small letter final sigma	u+03C2 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03C2"; }	alert("\u03c2");
σ	σ	σ	greek small letter sigma	u+03C3 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03C3"; }	alert("\u03c3");
&tau ;	τ	τ	greek small letter tau	u+03C4 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03C4"; }	alert("\u03c4");
υ	υ	υ	greek small letter upsilon	u+03C5 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03C5"; }	alert("\u03c5");
&phi ;	φ	φ	greek small letter phi	u+03C6 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03C6"; }	alert("\03c6");
&chi ;	χ	χ	greek small letter chi	u+03C7 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03C7"; }	alert("\u03c7");
&psi ;	ψ	ψ	greek small letter psi	u+03C8 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03C8"; }	alert("\u03c8");
ω	ω	ω	greek small letter omega	u+03C9 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03C9"; }	alert("\u03c9");
&thetasym;	ϑ	ϑ	greek small letter theta symbol	u+03D1 NEW	p:before { content:"\03D1"; }	alert("\u03D1");
&upsih;	ϒ	ϒ	greek upsilon with hook symbol	u+03D2 NEW	p:before { content:"\03D2"; }	alert("\u03D2");
&piv ;	ϖ	ϖ	greek pi symbol	u+03D6 ISOgrk3	p:before { content:"\03D6"; }	alert("\u03D6");

&ensp;			en space	u+2002 ISOpub	p:before { content:"\2002";}	alert("\u2002");
&emsp;			em space	u+2003 ISOpub	p:before { content:"\2003";}	alert("\u2003");
			thin space	u+2009 ISOpub	p:before { content:"\2009";}	alert("\u2009");
&zwnj;	‌	‌	zero width non-joiner	u+200C NEW RFC 2070	p:before { content:"\200C";}	alert("\u200C");
&zwj;	‍	‍	zero width joiner	u+200D NEW RFC 2070	p:before { content:"\200D";}	alert("\u200d");
&lrm;	‎	‎	left-to-right mark	u+200E NEW RFC 2070	p:before { content:"\200E";}	alert("\u200e");
&rlm;	‏	‏	right-to-left mark	u+200F NEW RFC 2070	p:before { content:"\200F";}	alert("\u200f");
–	–	–	en dash	u+2013 ISOpub	p:before { content:"\2013";}	alert("\u2013");
—	—	—	em dash	u+2014 ISOpub	p:before { content:"\2014";}	alert("\u2014");
‘	‘	‘	left single quotation mark	u+2018 ISOnum	p:before { content:"\2018";}	alert("\u2018");
’	’	’	right single quotation mark	u+2019 ISOnum	p:before { content:"\2019";}	alert("\u2019");
&sbquo;	‚	‚	single low-9 quotation mark	u+201A NEW	p:before { content:"\201A";}	alert("\u201a");
“	“	“	left double quotation mark	u+201C ISOnum	p:before { content:"\201C";}	alert("\u201c");
”	”	”	right double quotation mark	u+201D ISOnum	p:before { content:"\201D";}	alert("\u201d");
&bdquo;	„	„	double low-9 quotation mark	u+201E NEW	p:before { content:"\201E";}	alert("\u201e");
&dagger;	†	†	dagger	u+2020 ISOpub	p:before { content:"\2020";}	alert("\u2020");
&Dagger;	‡	‡	double dagger	u+2021 ISOpub	p:before { content:"\2021";}	alert("\u2021");
&permil;	‰	‰	per mille sign	u+2030 ISOtech	p:before { content:"\2030";}	alert("\u2030");
&lsaquo;	‹	‹	single left-pointing angle quotation mark (lsaquo is proposed but not yet ISO standardised)	u+2039 ISO proposed	p:before { content:"\2039";}	alert("\u2039");
&rsaquo;	›	›	single right-pointing angle quotation mark rsaquo is proposed but not yet ISO standardised	u+203A ISO proposed	p:before { content:"\203A";}	alert("\u203a");

•	•	•	bullet, a.k.a. black small circle bullet is NOT the same as bullet operator — u+2219	u+2022 ISOpub	alert("\u2219");
…	…	…	horizontal ellipsis, a.k.a. three dot leader	u+2026 ISOpub	alert("\u2026");
′	′	′	prime, a.k.a. minutes, a.k.a. feet	u+2032 ISOtech	alert("\u2032");
″	″	″	double prime, a.k.a. seconds, a.k.a. inches	u+2033 ISOtech	alert("\u2033");
&oline;	‾	‾	overline, a.k.a. spacing overscore	u+203E NEW	alert("\u203e");
&frasl;	⁄	⁄	fraction slash	u+2044 NEW	alert("\u8260");

&weierp;	℘	℘	script capital P, a.k.a. power set, a.k.a. Weierstrass p	u+2118 ISOamso	alert("\u2118");
&image;	ℑ	ℑ	blackletter capital I, a.k.a. imaginary part	u+2111 ISOamso	alert("\u2111");
&real;	ℜ	ℜ	blackletter capital R, a.k.a. real part symbol	u+211C ISOamso	alert("\u211c");
™	™	™	trade mark sign	u+2122 ISOnum	alert("\u2122");
&alefsym;	ℵ	ℵ	alef symbol, a.k.a. first transfinite cardinal alef symbol is NOT the same as hebrew letter alef — u+05D0 although the same glyph could be used to depict both characters	u+2135 NEW	alert("\u");

←	←	←	leftwards arrow	u+2190 ISOnum	alert("\u2190");
↑	↑	↑	upwards arrow	u+2191 ISOnum	alert("\u2191");
→	→	→	rightwards arrow	u+2192 ISOnum	alert("\u2192");
↓	↓	↓	downwards arrow	u+2193 ISOnum	alert("\u2193");
↔	↔	↔	left right arrow	u+2194 ISOamsa	alert("\u2194");
&crarr;	↵	↵	downwards arrow with corner leftwards, a.k.a. carriage return	u+21B5 NEW	alert("\u21b5");
⇐	⇐	⇐	leftwards double arrow can be used for ‘is implied by’	u+21D0 ISOtech	alert("\u21d0");
&uArr;	⇑	⇑	upwards double arrow	u+21D1 ISOamsa	alert("\u21d1");
⇒	⇒	⇒	rightwards double arrow	u+21D2 ISOtech	alert("\u21d2");
&dArr;	⇓	⇓	downwards double arrow	u+21D3 ISOamsa	alert("\ud1d3");
⇔	⇔	⇔	left right double arrow	u+21D4 ISOamsa	alert("\u21d4");

∀	∀	∀	for all	u+2200 ISOtech	alert("\u2200");
∂	∂	∂	partial differential	u+2202 ISOtech	alert("\u2202");
∃	∃	∃	there exists	u+2203 ISOtech	alert("\u2203");
∅	∅	∅	empty set, a.k.a. null set, a.k.a. diameter	u+2205 ISOamso	alert("\u2205");
∇	∇	∇	nabla, a.k.a. backward difference	u+2207 ISOtech	alert("\u2207");
∈	∈	∈	element of	u+2208 ISOtech	alert("\u2208");
∉	∉	∉	not an element of	u+2209 ISOtech	alert("\u2209");
&ni ;	∋	∋	contains as member	u+220B ISOtech	alert("\u220b");
∏	∏	∏	n-ary product, a.k.a. product sign prod is NOT the same character as u+03A0 ‘greek capital letter pi’ though the same glyph might be used for both	u+220F ISOamsb	alert("\u03a0");
&sum ;	∑	∑	n-ary sumation sum is NOT the same character as u+03A3 ‘greek capital letter sigma’ though the same glyph might be used for both	u+2211 ISOamsb	alert("\u03a3");
−	−	−	minus sign	u+2212 ISOtech	alert("\u2212");
&lowast;	∗	∗	asterisk operator	u+2217 ISOtech	alert("\u2217");
√	√	√	square root, a.k.a. radical sign	u+221A ISOtech	alert("\u221a");
&prop;	∝	∝	proportional to	u+221D ISOtech	alert("\u221d");
∞	∞	∞	infinity	u+221E ISOtech	alert("\u221e");
&ang ;	∠	∠	angle	u+2220 ISOamso	alert("\u2220");
&and ;	⊥	⊥	logical and, a.k.a. wedge	u+2227 ISOtech	alert("\u2227");
&or ;	⊦	⊦	logical or, a.k.a. vee	u+2228 ISOtech	alert("\u2228");
&cap ;	∩	∩	intersection, a.k.a. cap	u+2229 ISOtech	alert("\u2229");
&cup ;	∪	∪	union, a.k.a. cup	u+222A ISOtech	alert("\u222a");
&int ;	∫	∫	integral	u+222B ISOtech	alert("\u222b");
&there4;	∴	∴	therefore	u+2234 ISOtech	alert("\u2234");
&sim ;	∼	∼	tilde operator, a.k.a. varies with, similar to tilde operator, but is NOT the same character as the tilde u+007E, although the same glyph might be used to represent both	u+223C ISOtech	alert("\u223c");
&cong;	≅	≅	approximately equal to	u+2245 ISOtech	alert("\u2245");
≈	≈	≈	almost equal to, a.k.a. asymptotic to	u+2248 ISOamsr	alert("\u2248");
&ne ;	≠	≠	not equal to	u+2260 ISOtech	alert("\u2260");
&equiv;	≡	≡	identical to	u+2261 ISOtech	alert("\u2261");
&le ;	≤	≤	less-than or equal to	u+2264 ISOtech	alert("\u2264");
&ge ;	≥	≥	greater-than or equal to	u+2265 ISOtech	alert("\u2265");
&sub ;	⊂	⊂	subset of	u+2282 ISOtech	alert("\u2282");
&sup ;	⊃	⊃	superset of note that nsup, ‘not a superset of u+2283′ is not covered by the Symbol font encoding and is not included.	u+2283 ISOtech	alert("\u2283");
&nsub;	⊄	⊄	not a subset of	u+2284 ISOamsn	alert("\u2284");
&sube;	⊆	⊆	subset of or equal to	u+2286 ISOtech	alert("\u2286");
&supe;	⊇	⊇	superset of or equal to	u+2287 ISOtech	alert("\u2287");
&oplus;	⊕	⊕	circled plus, a.k.a. direct sum	u+2295 ISOamsb	alert("\u2295");
&otimes;	⊗	⊗	circled times, a.k.a. vector product	u+2297 ISOamsb	alert("\u2297");
&perp;	⊥	⊥	up tack, a.k.a. orthogonal to, a.k.a. perpendicular	u+22A5 ISOtech	alert("\u22a5");
⋅	⋅	⋅	dot operator dot operator is NOT the same character as u+00B7 middle dot	u+22C5 ISOamsb	alert("\u22c5");

&lceil;	⌈	⌈	left ceiling, a.k.a. apl upstile	u+2308, ISOamsc	alert("\u2308");
&rceil;	⌉	⌉	right ceiling	u+2309, ISOamsc	alert("\u2309");
&lfloor;	⌊	⌊	left floor, a.k.a. apl downstile	u+230A, ISOamsc	alert("\u230a");
&rfloor;	⌋	⌋	right floor	u+230B, ISOamsc	alert("\u230b");
&lang;	〈	〈	left-pointing angle bracket, a.k.a. bra lang is NOT the same character as u+003C ‘less than’ or u+2039 ’single left-pointing angle quotation mark’	u+2329 ISOtech	alert("\u2329");
&rang;	〉	〉	right-pointing angle bracket, a.k.a. ket rang is NOT the same character as u+003E ‘greater than’ or u+203A ’single right-pointing angle quotation mark’	u+232A ISOtech	alert("\u232a");

&spades;	♠	♠	black spade suit	u+2660 ISOpub	alert("\u2660");
&clubs;	♣	♣	black club suit, a.k.a. shamrock	u+2663 ISOpub	alert("\u2663");
&hearts;	♥	♥	black heart suit, a.k.a. valentine	u+2665 ISOpub	alert("\u2665");
&diams;	♦	♦	black diamond suit	u+2666 ISOpub	alert("\u2666");

Archive for 02/28/14

CSS:

HTML:

CSS background-image Technique:

CSS + Inline Image Technique:

Table technique:

Basics

Properties

display: flex | inline-flex; (Applies to: parent flex container element)

flex-direction (Applies to: parent flex container element)

flex-wrap (Applies to: parent flex container element)

flex-flow (Applies to: parent flex container element)

justify-content (Applies to: parent flex container element)

align-items (Applies to: parent flex container element)

align-content (Applies to: parent flex container element)

order (Applies to: child element / flex item)

flex-grow (Applies to: child element / flex item)

flex-shrink (Applies to: child element / flex item)

flex-basis (Applies to: child element / flex item)

flex (Applies to: child element / flex item)

align-self (Applies to: child element / flex item)

Examples

Related Properties

Other Resources

Browser Support

Bookmarklet

Bookmarklet Code

HTML 4.01 Strict

XHTML 1.0 Strict

XHTML 1.0 Transitional

XHTML 1.1

HTML 5

HTML attribute (valid in HTML5 now):

Inline JavaScript way:

With jQuery:

Basic

Adding a subject

Adding CC and BCC

Adding Body Text

Try This #1

Try This #2

Special Characters

Latin-1 entity set for HTML

Latin Extended-A

Latin Extended-B

Spacing Modifier Letters

Punctuation

Letterlike Symbols

Arrows

Mathematical Operators

Miscellaneous Technical

Geometric Shapes

Miscellaneous Symbols